Which of the following is an example of physiological stress affecting pilots?

Long hours of flight without breaks is indeed an example of physiological stress impacting pilots. This particular situation can lead to fatigue, which is a significant factor that affects cognitive function, decision-making, and overall performance in the cockpit. Extended periods of operation without adequate rest can cause physical and mental exhaustion, impairing the pilot's ability to safely perform their duties.

Fatigue manifests as decreased alertness, slower reaction times, and impaired judgment—each of which can compromise the safety of flight operations. It is essential for pilots to manage their schedules appropriately, incorporating breaks to mitigate these physiological effects and maintain optimal performance levels.

The other situations listed—poorly managed time pressure, emerging weather conditions, and external disruptions in the cockpit—do not primarily root from physiological factors affecting the body's state. Instead, they relate more to environmental, situational, or organizational stressors that, while they can contribute to overall pilot stress, do not directly impact the physiological state as fatigue does.