Which factors can exacerbate fatigue in pilots?

The option identifying lack of sleep, long duty hours, and time zone changes as factors that can exacerbate fatigue in pilots is correct because these elements directly impact the body’s circadian rhythms and overall alertness.

Lack of sleep is one of the most significant contributors to fatigue, impairing cognitive functions, reaction times, and decision-making abilities. When pilots engage in long duty hours, it can lead to cumulative sleep debt, making it more difficult to stay alert and focused during flight operations. Additionally, time zone changes disrupt the body's internal clock, which can further complicate sleep patterns and contribute to feelings of fatigue.

Collectively, these factors create an environment where a pilot's capacity for maintaining attention and performing adequately diminishes, making it crucial to manage sleep and duty schedules effectively to ensure flight safety.