What effect does flying over water at night in non-lit areas have?

Flying over water at night in non-lit areas can significantly impact a pilot's judgment regarding runway orientation. In dark conditions without any natural landmarks or artificial lighting, pilots may struggle to accurately assess their altitude and distance from the water's surface. As a result, they may misjudge their approach to a runway or the relationship between their aircraft's position and the ground.

This situation often leads to disorientation, especially if the pilot relies heavily on visual cues that are not available in such environments. The absence of reference points can create a deceptive sense of height and distance, which can impact decision-making and increase the risk of spatial disorientation. Understanding this specific effect emphasizes the importance of maintaining situational awareness and relying on instruments, particularly when navigating in challenging environments like dark waters.