How do G-forces affect the human body during flight maneuvers?

G-forces impact the human body during flight maneuvers primarily by increasing the load on the cardiovascular system. When an aircraft undergoes rapid acceleration or deceleration, or when it is put through steep turns, the resulting G-forces can cause a significant increase in the gravitational forces experienced by the pilot or passengers. This can lead to a higher demand on the heart to pump blood effectively against these increased forces.

As G-forces increase, blood is drawn away from the brain and other upper body regions, which can result in a condition known as G-induced Loss of Consciousness (GLOC) if the forces are extreme. Pilots are trained to recognize their limits in G-force tolerance and to use anti-G suits, which help maintain blood flow to the brain during high G maneuvers.

Other responses, like decreased blood circulation, enhanced reflexes, or reduced muscle tension, do not accurately capture the physiological effects of G-forces. In fact, G-forces can lead to decreased blood circulation to vital areas of the body and do not enhance reflexes but may impair them under excessive load. Muscle tension generally increases in response to the physical strains caused by high G-forces, as the body tries to counteract the effects and maintain control